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上海市英语高级口译资格证书第一阶段考试2002年3月

(Test Book)

SECTION 1: LISTENING TEST

(30 MINUTES)

Part A: Spot Dictation

Direction: In this part of the test, you will hear a passage and read the same passage with blanks in it. Fill in each of the blanks with the words you have heard on the tape. Write your answer in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. Remember you will hear the passage ONLY ONCE.

I’ve been reading some very interesting research recently. It is about how people’s moods are __________(1). In the past decade or so, there has been a great deal of speculation about the relationship between the tow. You know, how they always say that people __________(2) are more outgoing than those from the north. Well, it seems that there __________(3) in it. Through many years of research, some scientists have been able to show that if you are __________(4) a certain minimum amount of sunlight only, whether in summer or winter, you may well become __________(5). A researcher took a group of fifty people living in the northern part of Finland who went to their doctor in the winter months and __________(6). In that part of Finland, which is a Northern European country, there can be at most __________(7) a day. The researcher, in order to achieve greater validity, chose as wide __________(8) as he could – these were men and women, who were __________(9) and had different jobs or professional careers, as __________(10) as possible. There were __________(11) in the group as well as a couple of Americans. Half of the group __________(12 )a regular amount of time on a sunbed and the other half of the group were given some __________(13) which are used to relieve depression. After the treatment, the sunbed group actually showed a faster and __________(14) than the pill group. Twenty out of the 25 people in the sunbed group reported that they felt considerably better after only __________(15) whereas the same number of people in the pill group said that they __________(16) after seven days. All of the sunbed group said that they felt considerably better __________(17) of using the sunbed whereas two of the pill users still claimed that they __________(18) after six weeks of pill-taking and ten of the pill group still felt marginally better. __________(19) seemed particularly responsive to the sunbed treatment but there was __________(20) between the responses of different nationalities.

Part B: Listening Comprehension

Directions: In this part of the test there will be some short talks and conversations. After each one, you will be asked some questions. The talks, conversations and questions will be spoken ONLY ONCE. Now listen carefully and choose the right answer to each question you have heard and write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.

Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following conversation.

1. (A) Because she is too busy finding information in the library.

(B) Because she sees the use of the Internet as too great a challenge for her.

(D) Because the sue of the Internet is not convenient or cheap.

2. (A) The places she is particularly interested in.

(B) The places she has just found that day.

(D) Some advertising pages.

3. (A) Marvell Electronics.

(B) Andrew marvel.

(D) The University of California.

4. (A) An interactive page.

(B) A village in Suffolk.

(D) One of the regiments surrounding a house.

5. (A) A little bit sad.

(B) Somewhat amused.

(D) Very much daunted.

Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following conversations.

6. (A) A big cut in the rate of unemployment.

(B) A major increase in military spending.

(D) A reduction in government expenditure.

7. (A) An agreement on bilateral trade.

(B) An agreement to solve controversial labour union issues.

(D) A basic accord concerning an investment pact.

8. (A) Three

(B) Four.

(D) Seven.

9. (A) The Indian troops penetrated the Pakistani territory.

(B) The Pakistani reserve divisions started to take up battle positions.

(D) The two countries shelled each other’s territories.

10. (A) A group of five wanted to hijack the plane.

(B) A man attempted to blow up the airliner.

(D) One passenger was found to hold a false passport.

Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following news.

11. (A) When she was 50.

(B) Less than 20 years ago.

(D) Around 30 years ago.

12. (A) They find it difficult to get jobs in law.

(B) They can’t practice full time.

(D) They find the pay is not competitive.

13. (A) She feels that she is helping people solve problems.

(B) She is completely free to schedule her own time.

(D) She thinks that he career wins her high respect.

14. (A) Family cases are often reserved for female barristers.

(B) Male and female barristers are not treated equally.

(D) The job is very demanding no her time.

15. (A) The female judges are tougher on women than male judges.

(B) The male judges are not so sympathetic to women as female judges.

(D) Male and female barristers retire at approximately the same age.

Questions 16 to are based on the following talk.

16. (A) Offering explanations for a broken personality.

(B) Advertizing a product for relieving depression.

(D) Recommending ways to fight bad feelings.

17. (A) A radio announcer.

(B) A television presenter.

(D) A magazine editor.

18. (A) Loneliness is only something that we suffer from sometimes.

(B) Only a few people around us feel lonely from time to time.

(D) Eating and drinking at fixed times kill loneliness.

19. (A) Join a local sports club.

(B) Attend evening classes.

(D) Do shopping with new friends.

20. (A) Buy a leaflet on loneliness.

(B) Send an envelope to Weekly News.

(D) Go to se a psychiatrist.

SECTIONS 2: READING TEST

(30 minutes)

Directions: In this section you will read several passages. Each one is followed by several questions about it. You are to choose ONE best answer, (A), (B), (C) or (D), to each question. Answer all the questions following each passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage and write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.

Questions 1~5

Helen Beasley says she did not set out to become a surrogate mother. The 26-year-old legal secretary from Shrewsbury, England, a single mom with a 0-year-old son, was thinking more about becoming a paid egg donor. When she bought her first computer and did some research on the Internet, the tales of childless couples she came across broke her heart, she says, and made her think of going one step further, as some 20,000 surrogate moms do each year in the U.S. “The more I though about it,” she says, “the more I thought of happy endings.”

Six-and-a-half months after her first surrogate pregnancy began, as twin babies kick inside her, Beasley could not be much farther from a happy ending. She’s mired in a bitter legal battle with Charles Wheeler and Martha Berman, the San Francisco attorneys who found her classified ad on the Internet and flew her over last March for a trip to a fertility clinic. Pregnant with one more baby than Wheeler and Berman wanted, Beasley says, she has received only $1,000 of the $20,000 they originally agreed to pay her. The fate of the twins she’s carrying but does not want or have legal rights to will be decided by a California court, in one of the most bizarre surrogacy cases yet.

Beasley acknowledges that Wheeler and Berman, who have refused to talk to the media, made it clear in their discussions that they wanted just one child. What’s more, notes Stanford law professor Deborah Rhode, “theirs was a very extensive contract. There were 50 clauses providing for every contingency,” including the case of a multiple pregnancy, a real possibility given that three donor eggs fertilized by Wheeler’s sperm were implanted in Beasley’s womb. The contract required Beasley to honor the couple’s decision about whether to have a selective reduction, the termination of one or more fetuses in a multiple pregnancy. Still, Beasley says, “I didn’t realize they would go so ballistic” over the idea of twins.

Beasley claims she would have gone through with the selective reduction had Wheeler and Berman made the arrangements early in the pregnancy. But, as she tells it, there was a lengthy e-mail row between the tow sides after Beasley returned to England: it was a petty affair in which each accused the other of going on vacation without warning, but it took weeks to mediate. By the time Wheeler and Berman booked Beasley’s flight to California for the reduction, it was week 13 of her pregnancy, she says.

At that stage, Beasley felt that terminating a fetus was wrong. Plus, the late date increased the risk that both fetuses would be lost in the procedure. Her high blood pressure was already complicating the pregnancy. Beasley claims that Wheeler and Berman’s lawyer, who declined to comment, presented her with tow options: to terminate one fetus as requested or terminate both and still get paid.

Unwilling to do either, Beasley tried to compromise option of seeking other potential parents. She says both sides offered candidates but fought over what—if anything—the newcomers would pay Wheeler and Berman for their in-vitro fertilization and donor-egg expenses. In Britain the matter would have been simpler. There, surrogate mothers have full legal rights to the babies they bear for at least the first six weeks. But since the contract was signed in California, Beasley, now living in San Diego, supported by her lawyer there, is suing to sever the couple’s rights over the children and claim unspecified damages. By last Thursday the blood was so bad that Berman had the man who came to serve her with papers thrown out of her office building.

This very public debacle has surrogacy supporters pretty steamed too. “The only victims I see in this case are those babies and surrogate parenting itself,” says Shirley Zager, director of the Illinois-based Organization of Parents Through Surrogacy, herself a surrogate mother. According to law professor Rhode, changes of heart happen in only 4 out of every 10,000 legal surrogate arrangements; however, such cases usually involve the surrogate mom wanting to keep her offspring after they’re born. And even though they have been through a lot together, Beasley has no such plans for the twins. “Financially, emotionally, I don’t have the means,” she says. Their happy ending will have to wait.

1. According to the passage, Helen Beasley became a surrogate mother mainly because ________.

(A) she wanted to have a daughter of her own

(B) she liked to be a voluntary egg donor

(D) she needed the money from surrogate parenting

2. The word “row” in the sentence “there was a lengthy e-mail row between the two sides” (para.4) can be replaced by ________.

(A) negotiation

(B) argument

(D) dialogue

3. It can be found from the passage that the contract between Beasley and wheeler and Berman ________.

(A) was unfair to the surrogate mother

(B) was quite comprehensive and accepted by both parties

(D) specified the reduction of payment in case of multiple pregnancy

4. According to the passage, Beasley refused to terminate one of the fetuses out of all the following reasons EXCEPT that ________.

(A) her high blood pressure would lead to danger in operation

(B) both of the twin fetuses would face the risk of being lost

(D) the decision to reduce fetuses was cruel and unethical

5. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

(A) Beasley is going to keep the twins herself.

(B) Both sides are seeking potential parents.

(D) The case is quite unusual compared with most other surrogate cases.

Questions 6~10

Disaster crushes one man now, afterward others —Euripidies.

If there are any bystanders left in the world—people on the sidelines, unaffected by major events of war, terrorism, global capitalism and technological change—they are very few. Inhabitants of remote Pacific islands or the forests of the Amazon might merit the description if they were not directly affected by environmental problems and the encroachment of commercial hunger for raw materials. Similarly, countries which claim neutrality are not really on no one’s side, they are on everyone’s side—as revealed by the fact that escaped allied prisoners could find safety in Switzerland during the war against Nazism, while at the same times their pursuers could equally safely bank their money there.

But it is otherwise impossible for anyone now to stand aside from world affairs. It is an illusion to think that one can avoid the line of fire, or claim exemption from the effect of forces that smash and grind against each other internationally. Civilian populations are now frontline troops; they became so in the 20th century’s wars, suffering bombing and deprivation, their mobilization in those immense struggles making them a target even in their homes, the aim being as much to unnerve as to kill them—for a demoralized enemy is as good as a defeated one.

Terrorism has exactly the aim, as its name implies, of frightening civilian populations into forcing their governments to concede. It takes only a few determined people to achieve this, applying the lesson—learned from the Spartans at Thermopylae via the Russian bands which harassed napoleon’s retreating Grand Armee, to the resistance fighters and insurgents everywhere in the modern world—that small forces can defeat big ones; in the case of whole populations, by means of psychological war.

Thus a well-directed terrorist attack is destructive far beyond its primary site; it can paralyze communications, clog the wheels of ordinary life, panic millions, wipe value off stock exchanges, destroy industries and thereby livelihoods—all as a function of purely psychological aftershock, whose effectiveness lies in its reaching further outward in space and time, radiating outwards from the original focus, in some respects intensifying in the process.

Saying that there are no bystanders any more means that everyone is involved in everything. Even inaction is action; if you see someone injured and do nothing to help, you have acted negatively. There is a choice about one’s manner of involvement; as witness, victim, fighter—for peace, and common sense; or as the kind who does physical battle, which is justified when it opposes greater evils—or as helper of the victims, since the only certainty is that there will always be victims. Running away does no good, especially psychological and intellectual running away.

This does not just mean refusal to face the fact that we all now live in some degree of physical danger, even in our ordinary lives in otherwise peaceful circumstances. It also means refusal to recognize, think through and try to deal with the sources of that danger—the sources of resentment, suspicion, hatred and finally conflict within and between peoples. Among the main sources are these, and they are linked: disparities in wealth and power, and fundamental differences of culture, especially religious and moral culture. The link lies in the way wealth and power can, even if unintentionally, make those in poverty and weakness feel humiliated and therefore—in respect of their religious and moral culture—insulted. These inflame more concrete causes of opposition, such as exist in the Middle East, the Balkans and Ireland for more recent historical reasons. The mixture is always volatile, and the cants of nationalism, of the sacred or (worst of all) both are ever handy for whipping a dangerous minority into violent anger. The rest is tragedy.

This analysis implies the remedy, infinitely easier to state than to effect. it is to make the world fairer, and to liberate it from the distorting influence of antiquated beliefs—at the very least, by removing them from the public arena, allowing everyone there to be an individual human being rather than a label, and inviting our respect accordingly.

6. In front of terrorism, according to the author, _________.

(A) most of civilian populations are bystanders

(B) no one can be a bystander today

(D) a bystander is sure to be on the side of terrorists

7. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the sentence “Civilian populations are now frontline troops.” (para. 2)?

(A) Civilians are recruited into the army to fight terrorism.

(B) Civilians are mobilized to avoid terrorist attacks.

(D) Civilians turn out to be losers in the psychological war.

8. With the statement “Even inaction is action”, the author implies all of the following EXCEPT that ________.

(A) you can only act either positively or negatively

(B) you can no longer remain neutral

(D) you can only choose the manner of involvement

9. According to the author, the only way to get rid of terrorism is ________.

(A) to eliminate all the terrorists

(B) to change the attitude of bystanders

(D) to create a society with justice and equality

10. It can be concluded from the passage that _______.

(A) the sources of terrorism are varied and complicated

(B) terrorism originated in the Middle East

(D) the solution to terrorism is liberation from nationalism

Questions 11~15

One of the biggest surprises of my life in America is the New York City subway. I’ve actually come to enjoy it. When I first moved here in 1989, well-meaning friends warned me away from the already octogenarian underground railroad, notorious among both residents and visitors as the least pleasant and most dangerous means of getting around this City That Never Sleeps. Yet it was also the fastest and the most economical means of doing so. With that dilemma, I began my life as a New Yorker—and I’ve remained ambivalent ever since. The subway is the thing we love to hate. Schedules are unreliable. Trains come when they come, or not at all. Breakdowns are so frequent that women have been known to give birth, stuck in some tunnel. Staff are few and their announcements incomprehensible. The infrastructure is ancient and crumbling. From time to time, burst water pipes flood stations, paralyzing traffic. The city’s homeless live on the platforms, sleeping on benches (or in the trains themselves) and heightening passengers’ insecurity. Every few months the papers report the familiar horror of yet another innocent randomly pushed under the wheels of an oncoming train. Muggings, rapes and murders are not common, but they happen. Add to this the often dirty cars and graffiti-scrawled stations, the hellish heat in summer and the arctic freeze of winter, and you have quite an indictment. A writer at The Washington Post called the New York subway “a near-unworkable mixture of the ancient, the old, the outmoded and the inefficient.” And he was being sympathetic.

Why, then, do New Yorkers swear by it? One reason is economic: $1.50 to travel any distance, anywhere in the city. Compare that with a $12 cab fare from, say, the United Nations to Columbia University, on the other side of Manhattan. Traveling to New York’s so-called outer boroughs of Queens, Brooklyn or the Bronx—anything entailing a bridge from Manhattan-can easily cost three times as much. The subway is also fast. A ride from midtown Manhattan to Flushing Meadows, the site of the U.S. Open tennis tournament, can take as little as 25 minutes; the same trip is upwards of an hour by car, and then you still have to find parking. Small wonder that even millionaires carry a Metrocard, the card with a plastic strip that has replaced the metal tokens of old. And considering just how much moving and hauling the subway does each day, you can’t help but be impressed. For the subway is an enduring marvel of mass-transit engineering: trains make 6,800 trips each day over 731 miles of rail, carrying 3.7 million people.

The subway, I find, is also oddly liberating. It takes you not only to your destination, but along the way to another world. As you wait for your train, you can listen to (sometimes) talented musicians from around the globe, some merely pounding on drums, others trying out bona fide repertoires for whatever patrons will put into their hats. your fellow riders are a jostling microcosm of a teeming cosmopolis: men, women and children from every stratum of society, of every imaginable color, sporting all kinds of dress (or undress) and chattering in most of the languages of the planet. Romances among subway riders are not unknown; marriages have been reported between people who met as straphangers. Of course, there is no first class. On one trip recently, I noted a Wall Street banker heading home in his pin-striped suit next to a dreadlocked Rastafarian in torn blue jeans, as a Bangladeshi waiter disapprovingly eyed a miniskireted Hispanic secretary across from him struggling with her lipstick. Above them, a public-service ad in Spanish showed cartoon characters learning the importance of AIDS prevention. If the United Nations is where the world shakes hands, the New York subway is where the world rubs shoulders.

11. The sentence “The subway is the thing we love to hate.” (para.1) can best be paraphrased by which of the following?

(A) We either love or hate the subway.

(B) We love more than we hate the subway.

(D) We both love and hate the subway.

12. In the question “Why, then, do New Yorkers swear by it?” (para.2), the phrase “swear by” can be replaced by ________.

(A) show hatred for

(B) have much confidence in

(D) give great promise to

13. When the author writes “The subway, I find, is also oddly liberating.” (para.3) he most probably means that _______.

(A) The subway reveals itself as a cosmopolitan world

(B) The subway is a great theatrical stage

(D) The subway evokes strange feeling of freedom

14. It can be concluded that in writing the essay, the author ________.

(A) gives an objective description of the New York subway

(B) introduces the New York subway from his personal experience

(D) expresses his opposing emotional attitude towards the New York subway

15. The last two paragraphs can be considered as ________.

(A) a summary of what has been described in the previous paragraphs

(B) a repetition of the views expressed so far

(D) an exemplification of the topic of the essay

Questions 16~20

On July 2, the first fully implanted artificial heart was stitched into the chest of Robert L. tools, a 59-year-old technical librarian, at Jewish Hospital in Louisville. His failing heart had so debilitated him that doctors had given him less than 30 days to live; surgeons said at best, the high-tech device might double that number.

Well, 60 days have come and gone, and Tools has survived. his abioCor heart, developed by Abiomed Inc. in Danvers, Mass., is a far cry from the technology of the 1980s, when volunteers died grim deaths tethered to pumps the size of washing machines. In contrast, the AbioCor is completely enclosed in the chest cavity, its pumping rate controlled by microprocessors, and its battery unit charged through the skin by a belt worn around the waist. With no wires or tubes connecting the heart to outside power sources, there are few openings for infection. Where the technology comes up short—the heart is heavy and too large to be inserted in children or in many women—advances in new materials and microelectronics should quickly kick in.

But now, society must grapple with a fresh conundrum: When will the money to pay for these miracle devices come from? And how will society determine when it is the right time for the old and the terminally ill to actually die? In the words of Jonathan D. Moreno, director of the University of Virginia’s Center for Biomedical Ethics in Charlottesville, “these patients can no longer die a traditional cardiac death.”

There isn’t a lot of time to come up with answers. The Food & Drug Administration has authorized four other major medical centers to implant AbioCor hearts. And even before these experiments get under way, Tools’s lease on life could inspire thousands of aging baby boomers to add their names to the waiting list. Many of the 100,000 people in the U.S. who are candidates for heart transplants might accept an artificial device, and “there is a vastly larger number of patients who could benefit,” says surgeon Robert D. Dowling of the University of Louisville, who with Laman A. Gray Jr. performed the seven-hour surgery on Tools at Jewish Hospital.

From one perspective, this huge customer base represents a hair-raising social liability. Surgical and hospital costs fro regular heart transplants run as high as $500,000. These procedures haven’t burdened the medical system so far—but only because the supply of transplantable hearts has been limited to about 2,000 a year. Abiomed plans to price its heart between $75,000 and $100,000 initially, and with volume production, the price could fall as low as $10,000. However, even at the lower price, artificial hearts are an issue that will lead into moral quicksands, says medical ethicist David Steinberg of the Lahey Clinic in Burlington, Mass. What happens, Steinberg muses, “if heart replacement—and intervention directly and visibly linked to who will live and who will die—becomes available only to those who can afford it?”

On the bright side, devices like the AbioCor could offer a ray of hope to thousands. Tools recently said he was looking forward to going bass fishing with his surgeon, Gray. Multiply such hopes by millions, and heart replacements are a boon, whether the promise is measured in years or just months of enjoyable, productive life.

Still, disturbing questions linger. What will doctors do when the patient’s other biological systems signal that it’s time to die and the mechanical heart just keeps whirring? Someone will eventually have to hti the switch—be it patient, family, or physician. True, patients on dialysis machines and respirators face such issues daily. But if the AbioCor device becomes common, “physicians and families would be dealing with far more of these cases,” predicts Nancy Tuana, director of the Rock Ethics Institute at Pennsylvania State University.

Ethicist Rebecca Dresser at Washington University in St. Louis is counting on laws such as the Patient Self-Determination Act to help people establish “living wills” before undergoing surgery. Meanwhile, as the pains of perpetuity become more obvious, patients, healthcare providers, and legislators will all struggle with the same enigma: it’s not just how society will pay for the plethora of artificial organs. It’s how we define the new parameters of a human life.

16. The phrase “a far cry from” in the sentence “His AbioCor heart… is a far cry from the technology of the 1980s.” (para.2) can be paraphrased as ________.

(A) a great gap in

(B) an improvement on

(D) exactly opposite to

17. Jonathan D. Moreno’s comment that “these patients can no longer die a traditional cardiac death.” (para.3) can best be understood as ________.

(A) these patients will no longer die with AbioCor heart

(B) these patients will not die because of traditional heart failure

(D) these patients will live with AbioCor heart for the rest of their lives

18. The expression “a hair-raising social liability” (para.5) can be replaced by ________.

(A) a tremendous social responsibility

(B) an enormous social benefit

(D) a great social asset

19. The greatest concern the author shows in writing the passage is with ________.

(A) the significance of artificial AbioCor hearts

(B) the reduction of the price of AbioCor hearts

(D) the financial burdens related to heart replacements

20. Which of the following can NOT be concluded from the passage?

(A) The AbioCor heart will be less expensive and more common.

(B) The new criteria of a human life should be established.

(D) Society will determine when to stop the functioning of artificial organs.

SECTION 3: TRANSLATION TEST

(30 MINUTES)

Direction: Translate the following passage into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.

The line of demarcation between the adult and the child world is drawn in many ways. For instance, many American parents may be totally divorced from the church, or entertain grave doubts about the existence of God, but they send their children to Sunday school and help them to pray. American parents struggle in a competitive world where sheer cunning and falsehood are often rewarded and respected, but they feed their children with nursery tales in which the morally good is pitted against the bad, and in the end the good inevitably is successful and the bad inevitably punished. When American parents are in serious domestic trouble, they maintain a front of sweetness and light before their children. Even if American parents suffer a major business or personal catastrophe, they feel obliged to turn to their children and say, “Honey, everything is going to be all right.” This American desire to keep the children’s world separate from that of the adult is exemplified also by the practice of delaying transmission of the news to children when their parents have been killed in an accident. Thus, in summary, American parents face a world of reality while many of their children live in a near-ideal unreal realm where the rules of the parental world do not apply, are watered down, or are even reversed.

SECTION 4: LISTENING TEST

(30 MINUTES)

Part A: Note-taking And Gap-filling

Direction: In this part of the test you will hear a short talk. you will hear the talk ONLY ONCE. While listening to the talk, you may take notes on the important points so that you can have enough information to complete a gap-filling task on a separate ANSWER BOOKLET. You will not get your ANSWER BOOKLET until after you have listened to the talk.

Robin Lakoff describes a distinctive register in English called __________(1) language, which is characterized by hedge words (eg. Perhaps and sort of), tags, __________(2) intonation, __________(3) words and __________(4) expressions. Women use such language because they were taught as little girls it was __________ (5) or ladylike. the result is that women don’t sound __________(6) or professional as adults.

But Lakoff’s book was not based on __________(7) research and her argument was not backed by real __________(8). Research ever since has shown that the issue is much more __________(9). the differences Lakoff had found between __________(10) and __________(11) speech are generalizations or averages. These differences are due more to social __________(12) or situational context than to __________(13). What Lakoff called women’s language often turns out to be the way __________(14) speak when they are in a __________(15) position. As women tend to occupy __________(16) status positions, so the language of those in such positions has become __________(17) with women’s language.

Then, obviously, training women in a different style of __________(18) won’t solve the real problem. The theory of women’s language gives employers a __________(19) for keeping women in low status positions and encourages a __________(20) stereotype of women.

Part B: Listening and Translation

I. Sentence Translation

Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear 5 English sentences. You will hear the sentences ONLY ONCE. After you have heard each sentence, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

II. Passage Translation

Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear 2 English passages. You will hear the passage ONLY ONCE. After you have heard each passage, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. You may take note while you are listening.

(1)

(2)

SECTION 5: READING TEST

(30 MINUTES)

Direction: Read the following passage and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answer in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.

Questions 1~3

It wasn’t the abduction of his 70-year-old grandmother that led Alberto Peisach to leave Colombia. Nor was it the 1997 murder of his brother-in-law during a botched kidnap attempt. It was the planned abduction of his 6-year-old son that finally persuaded the Ivy League-educated entrepreneur to pack his bags in less than 24 hours and head to Miami with his wife and kids. Peisach has carved out a niche for himself in south Floida as the head of a $100 million private equity fund. “A lot of my friends took bets on how soon I’d be back home, but 80 percent of them have left,” says Peisach. “The Colombia that I grew up in doesn’t exist anymore, and anybody who’s had a choice has left.”

Alarmed by a slumping economy and the ever-present menace of kidnapping, Colombia’s best and brightest are leaving in droves. Some have settled in Spain and nearby Latin American countries, but nowhere is the exodus quite as visible as in Miami. The city’s 70,000 Colombians recently overtook Nicaraguans as the largest immigrant community after Cubans. Legions of professionals are moving into affluent suburbs. Membership of Commerce has doubled in just the past 18 months. The big winner from the brain drain is south Florida. “Colombians are basically subsidizing Miami,” say political scientist Eduardo Gamarra.

Last year’s U.S. census counted 470,000 residents of Colombian origin nationwide, but some experts put the figure closer to 600,000. The first significant wave of immigration dates back to the 1950s, when a brutal civil war forced tens of thousands to flee. Their ranks were bolstered in the 1980s by Colombians escaping the lawlessness associated with the rise of major drug cartels. But most of those earlier migrants by passed Florida in favor of New York and New Jersey. Relatively few brought with them the First World-caliber education and experience of their recently arrived countrymen.

Not all transplants can be classified as refugees. Miami’s unofficial reputation as Latin America’ economic and showbiz capital has lured celebrities like pop diva Shakira and actress Sofia Vergara. And some drug traffickers are trying to blend in with their law-abiding countrymen to escape detection by authorities.

But many more are escaping the anarchy of a land where eight people are kidnapped and nearly 100 are murdered on average every single day. Abel Meza Montoya was beaten up and left for dead by men identifying themselves as supporters of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia after the pool-hall owner refused to pay them protection money in April. The 55-year-old father of six ignored their warnings at first, but in June Meza finally fled the country with his youngest daughter.

The plight of such ordinary folks has inspired a two-year campaign to legalize an estimated 95,000 Colombians living illegally in America. Community leaders argue that these Colombians fear for their lives back home and should qualify for temporary protected status, a short-term reprieve from deportation. Clinton-administration officials brushed aside those pleas. But activists have enlisted the support of nearly 40 U.S. politicians in their continuing effort to buy some time for their countrymen. “There is a war being waged against civilians in Colombia financed by the sale of illicit drugs,” says Juan Carlos Zapata of the Miami-based Colombian American Service Association. “As the world’s biggest consumer of narcotics, the United States has a moral obligation to grant this relief.”

Having left their country because of politics, many Colombians show little inclination to challenge the Cuban stranglehold on power in Miami. “People who come here are low profile,” explains Isaac Lee, former editor of the respected news magazine Semana, who moved to Miami last year. “They want to live peacefully.” And for these Colombians and thousands more clamoring to follow in their footsteps, Miami is the best alternative to a country that no longer offers security or hope.

1. Why does the author give the example of Alberto Peisach at the beginning of the passage?

2. Introduce briefly the three waves of Colombian immigration since the 1950s.

3. Give a brief explanation of political scientist Eduardo Gamarra’s comment that “Colombians are basically subsidizing Miami”.

Questions 4~6

“Study nature, not books!” advised the great 19th century naturalist Louis Agassiz. As a boy growing up in Alabama and northern Florida, Edward Osborne Wilson did both. By day he scoured fields, forests and streams. At night he pored over books and magazines. It was an article in National Geographic (“Stalking Ants, Savage and Civilized”) that launched, at the ripe age of 9, one of the great scientific careers of the late 20th century, a career that began in entomology—with a particular passion for ants—but that has since reinvented itself with remarkable frequency, expanding its scope to encompass not just the earth’s smallest creatures but the whole living planet.

E.O. Wilson’s scientific contributions began early. He was 13 when he discovered, in a vacant lot near the docks of Mobile, Ala., the first known U.S. colonies of fire ants, Solenopsis invicta, invaders from Brazil and Argentina known in the South as “the ants from hell.” As an assistant professor at Harvard in the late 1950s, he proposed the radical notion that ant societies are bound together by an elaborate system of chemical signals.

Meanwhile, Wilson was blazing other trails. Fascinated by ant societies, he began seeing parallels in the social interactions of birds, lions, monkeys, apes and even humans. In a 1975 book audaciously titled Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, he charted in evolutionary terms the social architecture of a wide range of species—their breeding behavor, gender dominance, caste systems. “In a Darwinian sense,” Wilson wrote, “The organism does not live for itself. Its primary function is not even to reproduce other organisms; it reproduces genes, and it serves as their temporary carrier.”

Wilson’s Sociobiology was at once enormously influential and hugely controversial. Its first 26 chapters, which dealt with the social systems of nonhuman species, were widely praised as one of the century’s signal scientific achievements. Its 27th chapter, which applied the same analysis to human behavior and culture, was harshly—and sometimes violently—attacked. Despite the mixed reaction, Wilson in this and subsequent books—culmination with Promethean Fire (1983)—accomplished something few scientists can claim. he established a new field of science. It is known to this day as sociobiology.

By that time, however, Wilson had moved on. Drawing from his deep knowledge of the earth’s “little creatures” and his sense that their contribution to the planet’s ecology is under appreciated, he produced what may be his most important book, The Diversity of Life (1992). In 424 pages he describes how an intricately interconnected natural system is threatened by a man-made biodiversity crisis he calls the “sixth extinction”—the most devastating trauma since the extinction event that laid waste the dinosaurs and other creatures 65 million years ago.

He notes in Diversity that the 1.5 million species named so far by scientists represent only a tiny fraction of the tens of millions that may be out there. Wilson’s prediction that 30% to 50% of all species would be extinct by the middle of the 21st century was meant to provoke—and it did. Critics rejected the estimate as another one of his flamboyant speculations. But subsequent research has supported it. From the perspective of the biodiversity scientist, virtually all the signs are bad.

How can human society transform itself? How can we become stewards of the living world? To Wilson, what is required is a new convergence of thought and ethics comparable to the Age of Enlightenment of the 17th and 18th centuries. Now, at 72, E.O. Wilson is a senior academician and, by his won admission, moving irresistibly into what he calls “the literary realm.” It’s not a bad place for him to be. Wilson has produced a scientific masterpiece in nearly every decade of his life. And in this time of crisis, our planet has never had more need for the observations and intuition of the one of the world’s great naturalists.

4. Give a brief introduction of E.O. Wilson and his research fields.

5. Why is Wilson’s work Sociobiology “hugely controversial”? What is his main theory?

6. What is the major theme of his The Diversity of Life?

Questions 7~10

Think of yourself flying across the country. An engine starts sputtering; cause for alarm, sure, but the pilot does that folksy number—“Aw, shucks, little problem here”—and assures you the others can take the strain. Then a second engine goes out; the sweat trickles down your neck, but you reckon you’ll make it to the ground safely. But if the third, and then the fourth, flame out…

The global economy hasn’t crashed just yet. But a world-wide slowdown is giving analysts everywhere a bad case of the jitters. The key reason: this, says Robert Hormats, vice chairman of Goldman Sachs International, is “the first synchronized downturn since the 1980s,” when high interest rates squeezed the world economy like an orange. During the last U.S. recession, 10 years ago, Europe was in its post-cold war euphoria, while the Asian economies were the stuff of miracle. By the time a financial crisis declawed the Asian tigers in 1997-98, the U.S. economy was in the middle of its technology boom.

This time around, both the U.S. and German economies are flatlining, while that of Japan continues its slow, downward spiral. The Japanese unemployment rate has risen to 5%, while the Nikkei stock market index last week touched lows not seen since 1984. The world’s three most powerful engines are out of juice. Worry.

Why are this year’s economic woes so widespread? Blame globalization, the increase in cross-border trade and investment, that has bound the world economy closer together than ever before. In good times, globalization spreads the wealth. The astonishing growth of the U.S. economy in the late 1990s spilled over into countries from Taiwan (which makes the microchips that power your computer) to Ireland (a prime destination for U.S. firms outsourcing manufacturing). But globalization, it turns out, has a reverse gear. Once it was plain—by last winter—that technology firms had vastly overestimated demand, the consequent retrenchment spread far beyond the Bay Area. Last week, for example, Baltimore Technologies, the jewel in Ireland’s high-tech sector, slashed jobs in an effort to achieve profitability.

Signs of a global recession inevitably conjure up thoughts of the last time the whole world went to hell in a handbasket: the Great Depression of the 1930s. In truth, we’re long way from breadlines, and policymakers understand the forces that move the economy today much better than they did then. But one lesson of the 1930s is worth remembering. In an interconnected world, points out Jeffrey Garten, dean of the Yale school of management, a small spark can start a huge conflagration. In 1930 it looked as if the consequences of the 1929 market crash might be contained; it was the collapse in 1931 of the Austrian bank Creditanstalt that turned a market correction into a worldwide slump. Similarly, the global financial crisis of 1997-98 started with the devaluation of the Thai bath—though Thailand’s whole economy is about the size of Kentucky’s.

That’s one reason why, after much dickering, the Administration last week signed off on an $8 billion international rescue package for Argentina (an economy about the size of North Carolina’s). Treasury Secretary Paul O’Neill had spent weeks making plain his distaste for lending tax dollars paid by American plumbers and retail clerks to a county that careens from one debt crisis to the next. But in the end, as Goldman Sachs’ Hormats puts it, “pragmatism triumphed over ideology.” If Argentina had defaulted on its debt, investors might have pulled out of other emerging markets, triggering a real crash. In a nervous world, it’s best to avoid anything that leads to a loss of confidence. Might anything else tip the mood from mere gloom to catastrophe? “A huge amount,” says Yale Garten, “is hinging on the American consumer.” In today’s planes, one really strong engine can get you safely to your destination. But expect a bumpy ride.

7. Why does the author begin the article with the description of one’s flying experience?

8. Explain the sentence from paragraph 4 “But globalization, it turns out, has a reverse gear.”

9. Why does the author mention the great Depression of the 1930s?

10. What do you know about the arguments over the $8 billion international rescue package for Argentina?

SECTION 6: TRANSLATION TEST

(30 minutes)

Directions: Translate the following passage into English and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.

历史雄辩地说明，中美之间建立在平等互利基础上的劳动分工是最为合理和实用的国际关系。中国物美价廉的制成品源源不断地走上美国超级市场的货架，而美国的农产品、高新技术产品，连同跨国公司的资本和技术，滚滚不息地涌进中国大陆。中国人民以其勤劳的双手，增进了美国的福祉，促使其产业升级换代；而北美这块广袤而又富绕的土地，也以其精华滋润和促进了中国的现代化进程。经贸合作是两国能够找到共同语言的最佳领域。以谋求共同利益来减少或淡化意识形态差异和现实利害冲突，过去是、今后更是双方寻求和平共处的必由之路。

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