非谓语动词（二）

14 不定式的时态和语态

时态\语态　　　 主动　　　　　被动
一般式　　　　　 to do　　　　　　to be done
进行式　　　　　 to be doing　　
完成式　　　　　 to have done　　 to have been done
完成进行式　　　 to have been doing　　

1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
　　He seems to know this.
　　I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again.　我希望再见到你。

2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
　I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
　He seems to have caught a cold.

3) 进行时： 表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
　He seems to be eating something.

4) 完成进行时：
　She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.

15 动名词与不定式

1） 动名词与不定式的区别：
　动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的
　不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的

2） 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。

3） 动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组：
　 1　stop to do　　　　　stop doing　　　
　 2 forget to do　　　　 forget doing
　 3　remember to do　　　remember doing　　　　　
　 4 regret to do　　　　 regret doing
　 5　cease to do　　　　 cease doing　　　　　　　
　 6 try to do　　　　　　try doing
　 7　go on to do　　　　 go on doing　　　　　　　
　 8 afraid to do　　　　 afraid doing
　 9　interested to do　　interested doing　
　10 mean to do　　　　　 mean doing
　11 begin/ start to do　 begin/ start doing　　　　　　

动名词与不定式区别实例：

1 stop doing/to do

stop to do　停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。
stop doing　停止做某事。
　　They stop to smoke a cigarette.　 他们停下来，抽了根烟。
　　I must stop smoking.　　　　　 我必须戒烟了。

典型例题
　 She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___　on a big rock by the side of the path.　
A. to have rested　B. resting　 C. to rest　D. rest
答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择"stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事"。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。

2 forget doing/to do

　forget to do　忘记要去做某事。　(未做)
　forget doing　忘记做过某事。　　(已做)
　The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.
　办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)
　He forgot turning the light off.
　他忘记他已经关了灯了。　　　 ( 已做过关灯的动作)
　Don't forget to come tomorrow.
　别忘了明天来。　　　　　　　　 (to come动作未做)

典型例题
　---- The light in the office is still on.
　---- Oh，I forgot___.　　　　　　　　　　
　 A. turning it off　 B. turn it off　 C. to turn it off　 D. having turned it off
　 答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.
而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。

3 remember doing/to do

　remember to do 记得去做某事　　　　 (未做)
　remember doing　记得做过某事　　　 (已做)

Remember to go to the post office after school.
记着放学后去趟邮局。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?
你不记得以前见过那个人吗?

4 regret doing/to do

regret to do　 对要做的事遗憾。　　　　　(未做)
regret doing　 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。　　(已做)
　　I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.
我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。
　　I don't regret telling her what I thought.　
我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。

典型例题
---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
---Well, now I regret ___ that.
A. to do　 B. to be doing　 C.　to have done　 D.　having done
答案：D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。

5 cease doing/to do

cease to do　 长时间，甚至永远停做某事。
cease doing　 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。

　　That department has ceased to exist forever.
　　那个部门已不复存在。
　　The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.
　　姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。

6 try doing/to do

　try to do　　努力，企图做某事。
　try doing　 试验，试着做某事。

You must try to be more careful.
　你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed.
我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。

特殊词精讲

1 stop doing/to do

stop to do　停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。
stop doing　停止做某事。
　　They stop to smoke a cigarette.　 他们停下来，抽了根烟。
　　I must stop smoking..　　　　　 我必须戒烟了。

典型例题
　 She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___　on a big rock by the side of the path.　
A. to have rested　B. resting　 C. to rest　D. rest
答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择"stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事"。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。

7 go on doing/to do

go on to do　做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。
go on doing　 继续做原来做的事。
　 After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics.
　 做完数学后，他接着去做物理。
　 Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.
　 作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习

8 be afraid doing/to do

be afraid to do　不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为"怕"；
be afraid of doing　担心出现doing的状况、结果。 doing 是客观上造成的，意为"生怕，恐怕"。

She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.
她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。
She was afraid to wake her husband.
她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
She was afraid of waking her husband.
她生怕吵醒她丈夫。

9 be interested doing/to do

　interested to do　　 对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。
　interested in doing　 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。

I shall be interested to know what happens.
我很想知道发生了什么事。 (想了解)
I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that?
我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗?　 (一种想法)

10 mean to doing/to do

　mean to do　 打算、想
　mean doing　意味着
　I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.
　我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。
　To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.
　赠加工资意味着增加购买力。

11 begin(start) doing/to do

　begin / start to do sth
　begin / start doing sth.

1)　谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing.
　 How old were you when you first started playing the piano?
　 你几岁时开始弹钢琴？
2)　begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do
　　I was beginning to get angry。
　　我开始生起气来。
3)　在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。
　　I begin to understand the truth。
　　我开始明白真相。
4)　物作主语时
　　It began to melt.

12 感官动词 + doing/to do

　　感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do　 表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性
　
　I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
　昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实)
　I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）
　昨天我见他正在花园里干活。

典型例题
1）They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood.　
　 A. grow　 B. grew　 C. was growing　 D. to grow
　 答案：A。因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。

2）The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.　
　A. playing　 B. to be playing　　C. play　　D. to play
　答案A. 本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb. doing sth句型。

　　一、动词不定式与-ING分词的区别
　　1. 作宾语时，-ING分词表示抽象的、一般性或习惯性的和连续性的动作，而不定式则表示某次具体动作，特别是将来的动作
　　I like playing football. I would like to play football this afternoon.

　　1) The school cannot tolerate on exams.
　　［A］ cheating ［B］ to cheat ［C］ be cheated ［D］ being cheated
　　2) News of success keeps in.
　　［A］ pouring ［B］ to pour ［C］ poured ［D］ to be pouring
　　3) Long ［A］ before the dawn ［B］ of recorded ［C］ history, humans celebrated to harvest ［D］ their crops.

　　2. 作定语时，-ING表示正在进行的动作，用-ING的完成时表示动作的完成；不定式表示未来发生
　　4) We were overjoyed at the news of China another man-made satellite.
　　［A］ having launched ［B］ to have launched ［C］ to launch ［D］ launched
　　5) The applicants interviewing ［A］ are required to ［B］ bring all the necessary papers ［C］ two days later ［D］ .
　　6) Sorghum(高梁) leaves ［A］ occasionally contain ［B］ enough hydrocyanic acid killing ［C］ livestock(牲畜) ［D］ .

　　3. 当谓语动词是进行时的时候，用不定式而不用-ING分词作宾语
　　It's beginning to snow you. It starts raining.
　　I'm considering how to go(where to go, what to do). I considered emplying Mr.Wang but
　　decided that Mr.Chen was more suited
　　to the job.

　　4. 在remember,forget等词后，如果跟-ING分词，表示-ING分词的动作发生在主要谓语之前；如果跟不定式则表示不定式的动作发生在主要谓语动作之后
　　I remember telling her that last night. ("告
　　诉"发生在"记得"之前) He remembered to tell her that when she
　　came back. ("记得"发生在"告诉"之前)
　　I'm sorry I forgot to give you the message. (主
　　语动词表示的动作"忘记"发生在不定式表
　　示的动作"给带口信"之前) Why! I have such a bad memory. I forgot
　　giving the message last night. (-ING分词
　　表示的动作"给带口信"发生在谓语动词表
　　示的动作"忘记"之前)

　　5. stop, go on和leave off之后跟接动词不定式和-ING分词所表达的意义有所不同
　　They stopped (talking) to work. ［停下(其他动作)来工作］
　　They stopped working. ［停下工作(来干其他动作)］

　　Workers went on discussing the problem. ［工人继续讨论这一问题］
　　Workers went on to discuss the problem.［工人们停下来其他事，继续讨论这一问题］

　　He left off writing.［他停下写作(去干其他事)］
　　He left off to write.［他停下(其他事)来写作］

　　6. … used to后跟不定式和-ING分词，后跟不定式有两种情况：一种是used to是固定用法表示"过去经常干……"；另外一种情况是use的被动词态"be used"后跟不定式；后跟-ING分词的情况有一种，那就是当used to中的used是形容词时，to后跟名词或-ING分词
　　7) When he was in the plastic plant, he together with the workers.
　　［A］ has worked ［B］ had worked ［C］ had been worked ［D］ used to work
　　8) You will soon this climate and then the changes in temperature will not affect you.
　　［A］ get used to
　　［B］ get to
　　［C］ get over
　　［D］ get on with
　　9) Mr. Anderson used to jogging ［A］ in the crisp morning ［B］ air during ［C］ the winter months ［D］ , but now he has stopped.

　　7. 一般情况下，for后边跟接there to be,而of后边则跟接there being
　　10) It is fairly common in Africa for there an ensemble of expert musicians surrounded by others who join in by clapping, singing, or somehow adding to the totality of musical sound.
　　［A］ to be ［B］ being ［C］ to have been ［D］ having been

　　8. be＋形容词后面要跟动词不定式作状语，而不用-ING
　　It is very difficult to manage the company.

　　二、-ING分词与-ED分词的区别
　　虽然在语法功能上，-ED分词在句子中所能承担的成分基本与-ING分词相同，但在意义上两者有差别：-ING分词表示主动的意义，而-ED分词则表示被动的意义；-ING分词表示一般性的或正在进行的动作，而-ED分词则表示已经完成和被动的动作。在表现形式上，-ING分词有"一般式"和"完成式"与"主动式"和"被动式"之分；而-ED分词只有一种形式。下边我们分析-ING分词与-ED分词在语法功用上的区别。

　　1. 作表语时，-ING分词表示主语所具有的特征而-ED分词表示主语所处的状态
　　The book is quite interesting. I am insteredted in the book very much.
　　The play is more exciting than any I have
　　ever seen. That piece of land lay deserted.

　　2. 作状语时-ING分词表示主语正在进行的另一动作而-ED分词则表示主语发生动作的背景或情况 11) In his movies，W. C. Fields was always at war with the world， .
　　［A］ battling both people and objects
　　［B］ both people and objects were battled
　　［C］ he was battling both people and objects
　　［D］ both people and objects that were battled
　　13) Having been served lunch， .
　　［A］ the problem was discussed by the members of the committee
　　［B］ the committee members discussed the problem
　　［C］ it was discussed by the committee members the problem
　　［D］ a discussion of the problem was made by the members of the committee
　　12) for her anthropological research，Margaret Mead also was involved with the World Federation for Mental Health.
　　［A］ She is noted primarily
　　［B］ Noted primarily
　　［C］ Primarily is noted
　　［D］ She primarily noted
　　14) Considered one of the leading poets in America today， .
　　［A］ a number of books and plays have also been written by Sonia Sanchez
　　［B］ Sonia Sanchez has also written a number of books and plays
　　［C］ a number of Sonia Sanchez's books and plays have been written
　　［D］ there have been a number of books and plays written by Sonia Sanchez

　　3. ①作定语时，-ING分词表示正在进行的动作，而-ED分词表示动作发生在谓语动词之前；②-ING分词表示它所修饰的词经常或当时的状态，而-ED分词则没有时间性；③-ING分词表示主动，而-ED分词表示被动
　　15) The boiled ［A］ point of any liquid ［B］ is determined ［C］ by the pressure ［D］ of the surrounding gases.
　　16) High-grade ［A］ written ［B］ paper is frequently ［C］ obtained ［D］ from cotton rags.
　　17) Scientists ［A］ still cannot find ［B］ any convinced ［C］ link between intelligence ［D］ and the quantity or quality of brain cells.

　　4. 但少数几个动词的-ED分词，有两种形式而且在意义上有差别，如：bear的-ED分词有born和borne之分，前者只用于"出生"的意义，而后者用于"负担"，"负荷"，"承担"和"传送"之意
　　I was born in 1966.
　　His borne responsibility to the whole workers of the factory is really great.
　　再如：hang的-ED分词也有两种，一是hung,另一形式是hanged, 前者表示"悬挂"，后者表示"吊死，绞死"。strike的-ED分词也有两种：struck和striken, 前者有"打击""冲击""感动"等义，而striken只用作形容词，表示"受折磨"之意。
　　来自及物动词的-ED分词所表示的是被动意义；来自不及物动词的-ED分词则可表示主动和完成的意义：fallen leaves (落叶)，a full-blown rose (盛开的玫瑰), escaped prinsoners(逃犯), the exploded bomb, her deceased husband, the retired workers, the vanished jewels, the newly arrived visitors, the returned students, the risen sun.

　　三、例题解析
　　1) A为正确答案。(一般性的动作。)
　　2) A为正确答案。(连续的动作。)
　　3) D错。 改为harvesting(抽象的动作)。
　　4) A为正确答案。(已完成的动作。)
　　5) C错。 改为to be interviewed(将要发生的动作)。
　　6) C错。改为to kill(不定或未来动作)。
　　7) D为正确答案。(过去经常或总是干……)
　　8) A为正确答案。(习惯于……used是形容词)
　　9) A错。改为jog。(表示过去经常或总是干……)
　　10) A为正确答案。
　　11) A为正确答案。
　　12) B为正确答案。本句是由-ED分词"noted"引导的-ED结构，在句中说明主句谓语的背景。
　　13) B为正确答案。
　　14) B为正确答案。-ED分词"considered"的逻辑主语应为人，除B外的其他选项都无法和空白前-ED结构在逻辑主语上一致。
　　15) A错。改为boiling。-ED分词含有完成和被动的意思，-ING分词则表示主动、进行，也可用作前置定语表示性状、用途。如："boiling water(water which is boiling.)"意思是"开水"，意即"正在开着的水"，而"boiled water(water which has been boiled.)"虽也可译为"开水"，但表示"已开过了的水(现在可能凉了)。"本句A处应改为boiling，"boiling point"意思是"沸点"。
　　16) B错。改用"writing"，"writing paper"意为"写字的纸，信纸"，-ING分词"writing"表用途。与此类似的还有"swimming pool"(游泳池) ，"sleeping car"(卧铺) 。"written"含有完成和被动意味，不合上下文。
　　17) C错。改为"convincing"。"令人信服的联系"应为"convincing link"，"convincing"含有主动的意味，即"联系"(link)本身具有这种性质，而"convinced"则含有完成或被动的含义， 修饰有生命的名词 。试比较：a surprising man (使人惊讶的人) ，a surprised man (被惊吓了的人)